1) Differentiate between NTFS
& FAT.
NTFS is the current file system used by
Windows. It offers features like security permissions (to limit other users'
access to folders), quotas (so one user can't fill up the disk), shadowing
(backing up) and many other features that help Windows.
FAT32 is the older Microsoft filesystem,
primarily used by the Windows 9X line and Window could be installed on a FAT32
parition up to XP. In comparision, FAT32 offers none of what was mentioned
above, and also has a maximum FILE (not folder) size of 4GB, which is kind of
small these days, especially in regards to HD video.
2) What Is VOIP.
VOIP - Short for Voice Over Internet Protocol, a category of hardware and
software that enables people to use the Internet as the transmission medium for
telephone calls by sending voice data in packets using IP rather than by traditional
circuit transmissions.
3) What is loop back.
Loopback address is 127.0.0.1,
An address that sends outgoing signals back to the same computer
for testing.
4) What is Proxy Server.
A proxy server is a computer that acts as a gateway between a local network
(e.g., all the computers at one company or in one building) and a larger-scale
network such as the Internet. Proxy servers provide increased performance and
security. In some cases, they monitor employees' use of outside resources.
5) Differentiate between FIREWALL/ANTIVIRUS.
Antivirus:
The prime job of an anivirus is protect your system from computer viruses. Your
computer may be standalone or part of network or connected to Internet you need
an antivirus program. It actively monitors when you are using your system for
any virus threat from different sources. if it found one it tries to clean or
quarantine the virus ultimately keeping your system and data safe.
Firewall:
Firewall is in other hand a program which protects your system from outsider/intruder/hacker
attacks. These attacks may not be virus type. In some cases hackers can take
control of your system remotely and steal your data or important information
from system. If your system is directly connected to internet or a large network
than you can install a software firewall in your PC to protect your self from
unauthorized access. Firewall is available either in software or in hardware
form. For a single PC you may need a software firewall while a large corporate
implements hardware firewall to protect all of their systems from such attacks.
6) Differentiate between Frond end & Back End Server.
Backend server:
A back end server is a computer resource that has not been exposed to the
internet. In this regard the computing resource does not directly interact with
the internet user. It can also be described as a server whose main function is
to store and retrieve email messages.
Frontend server:
A frontend server is a computer resources that has exposed to the internet.
7) What is APIPA.
Stands for Automatic Private IP Addressing
APIPA is a DHCP fail over mechanism for local networks. With APIPA, DHCP
clients can obtain IP addresses when DHCP servers are non-functional.
APIPA exists in all modern versions of Windows except Windows NT.
When a DHCP server fails, APIPA allocates IP addresses in the private range
169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254.
8) How Release and renew IP address from Command prompt.
Ipconfig / release
ipconfig / renew
9) What is wins server.
Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) servers dynamically map IP addresses to
computer names (NetBIOS names). This allows users to access resources by
computer name instead of by IP address. If you want this computer to keep track
of the names and IP addresses of other computers in your network, configure
this computer as a WINS server.
If you do not use WINS in such a network, you cannot connect to a remote
network resource by using its NetBIOS name.
10)What is the Windows Registry.
The Windows Registry, usually referred to as "the registry," is a
collection of databases of configuration settings in Microsoft Windows
operating systems.
11) System Volume Information (SVI) Folder.
Windows XP includes a folder named System Volume Information on the root of
each drive that remains hidden from view even when you choose to show system
files. It remains hidden because it is not a normally hidden folder you can say
it is a Super Hidden Folder. Windows does not shows Super Hidden Folders even
when you select "Show Hidden Files."
12 ) What is MBR.
Short form Master Boot Record, a small program that is executed when a computer
boots up. Typically, the MBR resides on the first sector of the hard disk. The
program begins the boot process by looking up the partition table to determine
which partition to use for booting
13) What is Bit Locker.
BitLocker is an encryption feature available in Ultimate and Enterprise
versions of Windows 7 and Vista,
To encrypt an entire drive, simply right-click on the drive and select Turn on
BitLocker from the context menu.
14) Difference b/w sata and IDE.
IDE and SATA are different types of interfaces to connect storage devices (like
hard drives) to a computer's system bus. SATA stands for Serial Advanced
Technology Attachment (or Serial ATA) and IDE is also called Parallel ATA or
PATA. SATA is the newer standard and SATA drives are faster than PATA (IDE)
drives. For many years ATA provided the most common and the least expensive
interface for this application. But by the beginning of 2007, SATA had largely
replaced IDE in all new systems.
15)Main Difference Between Windows server 2008 and 2012
1) New Server Manager: Create, Manage Server Groups
2) Hyper-V Replication : The Hyper-V Replica feature allows you to
replicate a virtual machine from one location to another with Hyper-V and a
network connection—and without any shared storage required. This is a big deal
in the Microsoft world for disaster recovery, high availability and more.
VMware does this, too, but the vendor charges new licensees extra for the
capability.
3) Expanded PowerShell Capabilities
4)IIS 8.0 and IIS 7 in 2008
5)Hyper-V 3.0
6)PowerShell 3.0
16)How Long My Computer Has Been Running? Get to Know My Computer’s Uptime.
Start Task manager, and select Performance tab
.
In performance tab we can see system up time
Method 2: By typing systeminfo in command prompt we can find out up time of
your server
In system boot time.
17)Event viewer in Windows server
Control panel - Administrative tools - Computer Management - event Viewer
Three types events
Error.
Warning.
Information.
18) Manage Multiple, Remote Servers with Server Manager.
Server Manager is a management console in Windows Server® 2012 R2 Preview and
Windows Server® 2012 that helps IT professionals provision and manage both
local and remote Windows-based servers from their desktops, without requiring
either physical access to servers, or the need to enable Remote Desktop
protocol (RDP) connections to each server. Although Server Manager is available
in Windows Server 2008 R2 and Windows Server 2008, Server
Manager was updated in Windows Server 2012, to support remote, multi-server
management, and help increase the number of servers an administrator can
manage.
19) What happens when we type URL in browser.
First the computer looks up the destination host. If it exists
in local DNS cache, it uses that information. Otherwise, DNS querying is
performed until the IP address is found.
Then, your browser opens a TCP connection to the destination host and sends the
request according to HTTP 1.1 (or might use HTTP 1.0, but normal browsers don't
do it any more).
The server looks up the required resource (if it exists) and responds using
HTTP protocol, sends the data to the client (=your browser)
The browser then uses HTML parser to re-create document structure which is
later presented to you on screen. If it finds references to external resources,
such as pictures, css files, javascript files, these are is delivered the same
way as the HTML document itself.
DHCP:
1) How DHCP work?
DHCP Stands for Dynamic host configuration protocol.
DHCP is a protocol used for automatic configuration IP address in client
computers connected to IP networks. DHCP operates on a client server model in
four phases.
Discover: A client broadcasts DHCP Discover message when it comes alive on the
network.
Offer: When a DHCP server receives the DHCP Discover message from the client,
it reserves an I P address for the client and sends a DHCP Offer message to the
client offering the reserved IP address.
Request: The client receives the DHCP offer message and broadcasts a DHCP
request message to show its consent to accept the offered IP address.
Acknowledge: When the DHCP server receives the DHCP Request message from the
client, it sends a DHCP Ack packet to the client. At this point the IP
configuration process is complete.
2) What is DHCP Scope.
A range of IP address that the DHCP server can assign to clients that are on
one subnet.
3) What protocol and port does DHCP use.
UDP protocol and 67 port in client and 68 port in server.
4) What is a DHCP lease.
A DHCP lease is the amount of time that the DHCP server grants to the DHCP
client permission to use a particular IP address. A typical server allows its
administrator to set the lease time.
5) Can DHCP support statically defined addresses.
Yes.
6) Define Dora Process & why it is used.
Discover, Offer, request and acknowledgement. it is used to assign ip address
automatically to client systems.
7) What is Authorizing DHCP Servers in Active Directory.
If a DHCP server is to operate within an Active Directory domain (and is not
running on a domain controller) it must first be authorized to Active
directory.
8)How to Backup and Restore DHCP in Windows Server 2008
In Windows Server 2008, backup of DHCP database and settings has gotten
simpler. You may want to backup your DHCP server from time to time to prepare
for disaster recovery scenarios or when migrating DHCP server role to a new
hardware.
Backup DHCP Server
1. Open Server Manager > DHCP role
2. Right click server name, choose Backup..
3. Choose a location for backup, click OK
Restore DHCP Server
1. Open Server Manager > DHCP role
2. Right Click server name, choose Restore
3. Choose the location of the backup, click OK
4. Restart the DHCP Service
DHCP Databse location:
C:\WINDOWS\System32\DHCP
directory.
DNS
1) Define DNS .
Domain Name System, DNS is an Internet service that translates domain
names into IP addresses. Because domain names are alphabetic, they're easier to
remember.
Two types of lookup in DNS.
Forward lookup : it converts Domain name to ip address.
Reverse lookup: it converts ip address to Domain name.
Three types of zone.
Primary zone
secandary zone and stub zone.
what is the port no of DNS.
UDP and port number - 53
What is NSlookup.
Nslookup.exe is a command-line administrative tool for testing and
troubleshooting DNS servers. This tool is installed along with the TCP/IP
protocol through Control Panel.
MS-DOS utility that enables a user to look up an IP address of a domain or host
on a network.
Active
directory and Domain
1) What is LDAP? Why it is used.
LDAP is the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. Its an active directory
protocal ,Basically, it's a protocol used to access data from a database
2) What is Active Directory? Why it used.
Active Directory is a Directory Service created by Microsoft. It is
included with most Windows Server operating systems.
Active Directory is primarily used to store directory objects like users and
groups and computers printers.
Using Active Directory brings a number of advantages to your network,
Centralized user account management
Centralized policy management (group policy)
Better security management
3) What Is Group Policy.
Group Policy is a feature of the Microsoft Windows NT family of operating
systems that control the working environment of user accounts and computer
accounts. Group Policy provides the centralized management and configuration of
operating systems, applications, and users' settings in an Active Directory
environment.
4) What is the order in which GPOs are applied .
Local Group Policy object
site ,
Domain and
organizational units.
5)
What is the difference between software publishing and assigning.
Assign
Users : The software application is advertised when the user logs on. It is
installed when the user clicks on the software application icon via the start
menu, or accesses a file that has been associated with the software
application.
Assign
Computers :The software application is advertised and installed when it
is safe to do so, s uch as when the computer is next restarted.
Publish
to users : The software application does not appear on the start menu or
desktop. This means the user may not know that the software is available. The
software application is made available via the Add/Remove Programs option in
control panel, or by clicking on a file that has been associated with the
application. Published applications do not reinstall themselves in the event of
accidental deletion, and it is not possible to publish to computers.
6)
Can I deploy non-MSI software with GPO.
create
the fiile in .zap extension.
7)
Name some GPO settings in the computer and user parts.
Computer
Configuration, User ConfigurationName
8)
Name a few benefits of using GPMC.
Easy
administration of all GPOs across the entire Active Directory Forest
View
of all GPOs in one single list
Backup
and restore of GPOs Migration of GPOs across different domains and forest.
9)
How frequently is the client policy refreshed ?
90
minutes give or take.
10)
Where are group policies stored ?
C:\Windows\System32\GroupPolicy.
11)
Group policy backup
To
backup a single GPO, right-click the GPO, and then click Back Up.
To
backup all GPOs in the domain, right-click Group Policy Objects
and click Back Up All.
12)
Define DSRM Mode?
Directory
Services Restore Mode (DSRM) is a special boot mode for repairing or recovering
Active Directory. It is used to log on to the computer when Active Directory
has failed or needs to be restored.
To
manually boot in Directory Services Restore Mode, press the F8 key repeatedly.
Do this immediately after BIOS POST screen, before the Windows logo appears.
(Timing can be tricky; if the Windows logo appears you waited too long.) A text
menu menu will appear. Use the up/down arrow keys to select Directory Services
Restore Mode or DS Restore Mode. Then press the Enter key.
13)
Where is the AD database held? What other folders are related
to AD?
The AD data base is stored in c:\windows\ntds\NTDS.DIT.
14 ) Have you ever Installed AD?
To Install Microsoft Active Directory:
Ensure
that you log on to the computer with an administrator account to perform
installation.
Click
electing Start > Administration Tools > Server
manager > Configure your Server.
In
the Welcome page, click Next.
In
the Operating system compatibility panel, click Next.
On
the Domain Controller Type panel, select Domain controller for a new
domain and click Next.
On
the Create New Domain panel, select Domain in a new forest and
click Next.
On
the New Domain Name panel, enter the DNS suffix for your new Active
Directory. This name will be used during Tivoli Provisioning Manager
installation, so make a note of it. Click Next.
On
the NetBIOS Domain Name panel, enter the NetBIOS name of the domain.
The first part of the DNS name is usually sufficient. Click Next.
On
the Database and Logs panel, select the desired folders for the Database and
Logs.C:\Windows\NTDS is the default. Click Next.
On
the Shared System Volume panel, enter a valid directory for the system volume.C:\Windows\Sysvol
is the default. Click Next to continue.
If
you configured DNS successfully, the Permissions setting panel is displayed.
Select Permissions compatible only with Windows 2000 or Windows Server 2003.
Click Next.
On
the Directory Services Restore Mode Administrator Password panel, enter a valid
password to be used when running the Directory Services in Restore Mode. Click
Next
Verify
the settings and Click Next to begin the Active Directory configuration. The
server will be rebooted as part of the process.
15)
What is the use of SYSVOL folder
All
active directory data base security related information store in SYSVOL folder
and it’s only created on NTFS partition.
16)
What is global catalog
The
Global Catalog is a database that contains all of the information pertaining to
objects within all domains in the Active Directory environment
17)
What is the difference between local, global and universal groups
Domain
local groups assign access permissions to global domain groups for local domain
resources. Global groups provide access to resources in other trusted domains.
Universal groups grant access to resoures in all trusted domains.
18)
What is group nesting.
Adding
one group as a member of another group is called 'group nesting'. This will
help for easy administration and reduced replication traffic
19)
What is Domain control?
A
domain controller (DC) is a server that handles all the security requests from
other computers and servers within the Windows Server domain
there
was a primary domain controller and a backup domain controller. The primary DC
focused on domain services only to avoid the possibility of a system slow down
or crash due to overtasking from managing other functionality and security
requests. In the event of a primary DC going down, a backup DC could be
promoted and become the primary DC to keep the rest of the server systems
functioning correctly
20)
What is domain?
A
domain is a set of network resources (applications, printers, and so forth) for
a group of users. The user needs only to log in to the domain to gain access to
the resources, which may be located on a number of different servers in the
network. The ‘domain’ is simply your computer address not to confuse with an
URL. A domain address might look something like 211.170.469.
21)
What is Forest?
A
collection of one or more Active Directory domains that share a common schema,
configuration, and global catalog.
22)
What is global catalog.
The
Active Directory Global Catalog is the central storage of information about
objects in an Active Directory forest. A Global Catalog is created
automatically on the first domain controller in the first domain in the forest.
The Domain Controller which is hosting the Global Catalog is known as a Global
catalog server.
23)
What is tree.
An
Active Directory tree is a collection of Active Directory domains that begins
at a single root and branches out into peripheral, child domains. Domains in an
Active Directory tree share the same namespace. An Active Directory forest is a
collection of Active Directory trees, similar to a real world forest. Catalog
Server.
24)
What is site.
A
Site object in Active Directory represents a geographic location that hosts
networks.
25)
Flexable Single Master Operation Roles (FSMO)
The
5 FSMO server roles:
|
Schema Master
|
Forest Level
|
One per
forest
|
|
Domain Naming
Master
|
Forest Level
|
One per
forest
|
|
PDC Emulator
|
Domain Level
|
One per
domain
|
|
RID Master
|
Domain Level
|
One per
domain
|
|
Infrastructure
Master
|
Domain Level
|
One per
domain
|
26)
Command to Add client to Domain
NETDOM
/Domain:MYDOMAIN /user:adminuser /password:apassword MEMBER MYCOMPUTER
/JOINDOMAIN
27)
Setting File Permissions on a Folder Using Group Policy
The
setting is located under Computer Configuration, Windows Settings, Security
Settings, File System. Here's the procedure:
Go
to the location in the Group Policy listed above.
Right-click
File System.
Click
Add File.
In
the "Add a file or folder" window, select the folder (or file) for
which you want the permissions to be set, and click OK.
In
the security box that pops up, you can add a user or a group that needs
permission to the folder.
Vertualization
1)Define
virtualization.
Hyper-V
virtualization will provide an environment in which we can run multiple
operating systems at the same time on one physical computer, by running each
operating system in its own virtual machine.
2)
What are the benefits of virtualization ?
Reduce
the number of physical servers
Reduce
the infrastructure needed for your data center
3)
What is a Hypervisor.
You
can think of a Hypervisor as the kernel or the core of a virtualization
platform. The Hypervisor is also called the Virtual Machine Monitor. The
Hypervisor has access to the physical host hardware.
4)
What are a host, guest, and virtual machine.
A
host system (host operating system) would be the primary & first installed
operating system. If you are using a bare metal Virtualization platform
like Hyper-V or ESX, there really isn’t a host operating system besides the
Hypervisor. If you are using a Type-2 Hypervisor like VMware Server or Virtual
Server, the host operating system is whatever operating system those
applications are installed into.
A
guest system (guest operating system) is a virtual guest or virtual machine
(VM) that is installed under the host operating system. The guests are the VMs
that you run in your virtualization platform.
Some
admins also call the host & guest the parent and child.
Hyper
v Snap shot:
How
to create Hyper v Snap shot:
Just
select the Virtual machine in Hyper-V Manager and select Snapshot from the
Actions pane. The status of the virtual machine will change to “Taking
Snapshot” and show the progress of the action using a percentage value.
File
extension = .avhd
Virtual
Machine files
The
first thing to know is what files are used to create a virtual machine:
.XML
files
These
files contain the virtual machine configuration details. There is one of
these for each virtual machine and each snapshot of a virtual machine.
They are always named with the GUID used to internally identify the
virtual machine or snapshot in question.
.BIN
files
This
file contains the memory of a virtual machine or snapshot that is in a saved
state.
.VSV
files
This
file contains the saved state from the devices associated with the virtual
machine.
.VHD
files
These
are the virtual hard disk files for the virtual machine
.AVHD
files
